Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
1
ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
TYPES
1. DC type
* Load voltage and current of DC type: DC
2. AC/DC type
* Load voltage and current of AC/DC type: Peak AC/DC.
Slim type with
high capacity up to 4A
DC load type also available Power 1 Form A
(AQZ10, 20)
Output rating* Package Part No. Packing quantity
Load voltage Load current Inner carton Outer carton
DC only
60 V 4.0 A
SIL4-pin
AQZ102
25 pcs. 500 pcs.
100 V 2.6 A AQZ105
200 V 1.3 A AQZ107
400 V 0.7 A AQZ104
Output rating* Package Part No. Packing quantity
Load voltage Load current Inner carton Outer carton
AC/DC
dual use
60 V 3.0 A
SIL4-pin
AQZ202
25 pcs. 500 pcs.
100 V 2.0 A AQZ205
200 V 1.0 A AQZ207
400 V 0.5 A AQZ204
VDE
mm inch
DC type
AC/DC type
FEATURES
1. Slim SIL4-pin package
(W) 3.5 (D) 21.0 (H) 12.5 mm
(W) .138 (D) .827 (H) .492 inch
The compact size of the 4-pin SIL
package allows high density mounting.
2. Extremely low on-resistance
3. Control low-level signal
Power Photo MOS relays feature
extremely low closed-circuit offset
voltage to enable control of low-level
analog signals without distortion.
4. Low-level off state leakage current
of max. 10 A
5. High I/O isolation voltage of 2,500 V
6. Eliminates the need for a counter
electromotive protection diode in the
drive circuit on the input side
7. Eliminates the need for a power
supply to drive the power MOSFET
8. No restriction on mounting
direction
9. Low thermoelectromotive force
10. Neither noise nor arc at contact
11. Sockets are also available
(PA1a-PS, PA1a-PS-H)
12. Can be installed on the RT-3 relay
terminal (Power PhotoMOS relay type)
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
• Traffic signals
• Measuring instruments
• Industrial machines
21
3.5
12.5
.827
.138
.492
CAD Data
--++
12 3 4
-+
12 3 4
Height includes standoff
AQZ10, 20
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
2ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
RATING
1. DC type
1) Absolute maximum ratings (Ambient temperature: 25C 77F)
2) Electrical characteristics (Ambient temperature: 25C 77F)
Item Symbol AQZ102 AQZ105 AQZ107 AQZ104 Remarks
Input
LED forward current IF50 mA
LED reverse voltage VR5 V
Peak forward current IFP 1 A f = 100 Hz, Duty factor = 0.1%
Power dissipation Pin 75 mW
Output
Load voltage (DC) VL60 V 100 V 200 V 400 V
Continuous load current (DC) IL4.0 A 2.6 A 1.3 A 0.7 A
Peak load current Ipeak 9.0 A 6.0 A 3.0 A 1.5 A 100 ms (1 shot), VL = DC
Power dissipation Pout 1.35 W
Total power dissipation PT1.35 W
I/O isolation voltage Viso 2,500 V AC
Temperature
limits Operating Topr –40C to +85C –40F to +185FNon-condensing at low temperatures
Storage Tstg –40C to +100C –40F to +212F
Item Symbol AQZ102 AQZ105 AQZ107 AQZ104 Condition
Input
LED operate current Typical IFon 1.0 mA IL= 100 mA
VL= 10 V
Maximum 3.0 mA
LED turn off current Minimum IFoff 0.4 mA IL= 100 mA
VL= 10 V
Typical 0.9 mA
LED dropout voltage Typical VF1.25 V (1.16 V at IF = 10 mA) IF = 50 mA
Maximum 1.5 V
Output On resistance Typical Ron 0.05 0.081 0.34 1.06 IF = 10 mA
IL =Max.
Within 1 s on time
Maximum 0.09 0.17 0.55 1.6
Off state leakage current Maximum ILeak 10 AIF = 0 mA
VL = Max.
Transfer
characteristics
Turn on time*
Typical
Ton
1.66 ms 1.89 ms 0.83 ms 1.01 ms IF = 10 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 5.0 ms
Typical 3.79 ms 4.50 ms 1.75 ms 2.34 ms IF = 5 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 10.0 ms
Turn off time* Typical Toff 0.15 ms 0.19 ms 0.08 ms 0.08 ms IF = 5 mA or 10 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 3.0 ms
I/O capacitance Typical Ciso 0.8 pF f = 1 MHz
VB = 0 V
Maximum 1.5 pF
Initial I/O isolation resistance Minimum Riso 1,000 M500 V DC
Maximum operating speed Maximum — 0.5 cps IF = 10 mA
Duty factor = 50%
ILVL= 200 (VA)
Vibration resistance Minimum — 10 to 55 Hz at double amplitude of 3 mm 2 hours for 3 axes
Shock resistance Minimum — 4,900 m/s2 {500 G} 1 ms 3 times for 3 axes
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
3
ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
2. AC/DC type
1) Absolute maximum ratings (Ambient temperature: 25C 77F)
2) Electrical characteristics (Ambient temperature: 25C 77F)
*Turn on/off time
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS
Please obey the following conditions to ensure proper relay operation and resetting.
Dimensions
Schematic and Wiring Diagrams
Cautions for Use
■ These products are not designed for automotive use.
If you are considering to use these products for automotive applications, please contact your local Panasonic Electric
Works technical representative.
Please refer to our information on PhotoMOS Relays for Automotive Applications.
Item Symbol AQZ202 AQZ205 AQZ207 AQZ204 Remarks
Input
LED forward current IF50 mA
LED reverse voltage VR5 V
Peak forward current IFP 1 A f = 100 Hz, Duty factor = 0.1%
Power dissipation Pin 75 mW
Output
Load voltage (Peak AC) VL60 V 100 V 200 V 400 V
Continuous load current IL3.0 A 2.0 A 1.0 A 0.5 A Peak AC, DC
Peak load current Ipeak 9.0 A 6.0 A 3.0 A 1.5 A 100 ms (1 shot), VL = DC
Power dissipation Pout 1.6 W
Total power dissipation PT1.6 W
I/O isolation voltage Viso 2,500 V AC
Temperature
limits Operating Topr –40C to +85C –40F to +185FNon-condensing at low temperatures
Storage Tstg –40C to +100C –40F to +212F
Item Symbol AQZ202 AQZ205 AQZ207 AQZ204 Condition
Input
LED operate current Typical IFon 1.0 mA IL= 100 mA
VL= 10 V
Maximum 3.0 mA
LED turn off current Minimum IFoff 0.4 mA IL= 100 mA
VL= 10 V
Typical 0.9 mA
LED dropout voltage Typical VF1.25 V (1.16 V at IF = 10 mA) IF = 50 mA
Maximum 1.5 V
Output On resistance Typical Ron 0.11 0.23 0.7 2.1 IF = 10 mA
IL =Max.
Within 1 s on time
Maximum 0.18 0.34 1.1 3.2
Off state leakage current Maximum ILeak 10 AIF = 0 mA
VL = Max.
Transfer
characteristics
Turn on time*
Typical
Ton
2.46 ms 2.40 ms 1.12 ms 1.65 ms IF = 10 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 5.0 ms
Typical 5.64 ms 5.65 ms 2.57 ms 3.88 ms IF = 5 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 10.0 ms
Turn off time* Typical Toff 0.22 ms 0.21 ms 0.10 ms 0.08 ms IF = 5 mA or 10 mA
IL = 100 mA
VL = 10 V
Maximum 3.0 ms
I/O capacitance Typical Ciso 0.8 pF f = 1 MHz
VB = 0 V
Maximum 1.5 pF
Initial I/O isolation resistance Minimum Riso 1,000 M500 V DC
Maximum operating speed Maximum — 0.5 cps IF = 10 mA
Duty factor = 50%
IL = Max., VL = Max.
Vibration resistance Minimum — 10 to 55 Hz at double amplitude of 3 mm 2 hours for 3 axes
Shock resistance Minimum — 4,900 m/s2 {500 G}1 ms 3 times for 3 axes
Item Symbol Recommended value Unit
Input LED current IF5 to 10 mA
To n
Input
Output 10%
90%
To f f
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
4ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
REFERENCE DATA
1-(1) Load current vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
Allowable ambient temperature: –40C to +85C
–40F to +185F
1.-(2) Load current vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
Allowable ambient temperature: –40C to +85C
–40F to +185F
2. Load current vs. ambient temperature
characteristics in adjacent mounting
IL : Load current;
IL (max.): Maximum continuous load current
80 85
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
00-40 20 40 60
100
-20
AQZ102
AQZ105
AQZ107
AQZ104
Ambient temperature, °C
Load current, A
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
100-20
AQZ202
AQZ205
AQZ207
AQZ204
Ambient temperature, °C
Load current, A
8085
120
100
80
60
40
20
00
-20-40 20 40 60
100
=Adjacent mounting pitch
=5 mm
=10 mm
=20 mm
Ambient temperature, °C
IL/IL (max.)×100,%
3-(1) On resistance vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 1.6 A (DC) (AQZ102),
1.04 A (DC) (AQZ105)
3.-(2) On resistance vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 0.52 A (DC) (AQZ107),
0.28 A (DC) (AQZ104)
3.-(3) On resistance vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 1.2 A (DC) (AQZ202),
0.8 A (DC) (AQZ205)
Ambient temperature, °C
On resistance, Ω
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
00−20−40 20 40 60
8085
AQZ105
AQZ102
Ambient temperature, °C
On resistance, Ω
5
4
3
2
1
0
0−40 −20 20 40 60
8085
AQZ104
AQZ107
Ambient temperature, °C
On resistance, Ω
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00−40 −20 20 40 60
80 85
AQZ205
AQZ202
3.-(4) On resistance vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 0.4 A (DC) (AQZ207),
0.2 A (DC) (AQZ204)
4-(1) Turn on time vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
4.-(2) Turn on time vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
Ambient temperature, °C
On resistance, Ω
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
00−40 −20 20 40 60
80 85
AQZ204
AQZ207
10
8
6
4
2
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
-20
AQZ102
AQZ105
AQZ104
AQZ107
Ambient temperature, °C
Turn on time, ms
10
8
6
4
2
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
-20
AQZ202
AQZ205
AQZ204
AQZ207
Ambient temperature, °C
Turn on time, ms
5-(1) Turn off time vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
5.-(2) Turn off time vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
6-(1) LED operate vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
AQZ107 AQZ105AQZ102
AQZ104
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
-20
Ambient temperature, °C
Turn off time, ms
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00-40 20 40 60 80 85
-20
AQZ207
AQZ202
AQZ205
AQZ204
Turn off time, ms
Ambient temperature, °C
5
4
3
2
1
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
-20
AQZ105
AQZ104
AQZ107
AQZ102
Ambient temperature, °C
LED operate current, mA
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
5
ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
6.-(2) LED operate vs. ambient temperature
characteristics (AC/DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
7-(1) LED turn off current vs. ambient
temperature characteristics (DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
7.-(2) LED turn off current vs. ambient
temperature characteristics (AC/DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC)
5
4
3
2
1
00-40 20 40 60
80 85
-20
AQZ204
AQZ202
AQZ207
AQZ205
Ambient temperature, °C
LED operate current, mA
5
4
3
2
1
00-40 20 40 60 8085
-20
AQZ105
AQZ104
AQZ107
AQZ102
Ambient temperature, °C
LED turn off current, mA
5
4
3
2
1
00-40 20 40 60 8085
-20
AQZ204
AQZ205
AQZ202
LED turn off current, mA
AQZ207
Ambient temperature, °C
8. LED dropout voltage vs. ambient
temperature characteristics
Sample: all types; LED current: 5 to 50 mA
9-(1) Current vs. voltage characteristics of
output at MOS portion (DC type)
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
9.-(2) Current vs. voltage characteristics of
output at MOS portion (AC/DC type)
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
00-40 20 40 60 1008085
-20
50mA
30mA
20mA
10mA
5mA
Ambient temperature, °C
LED dropout voltage, V
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-1
-2
-3
-4
0.2
4
3
2
1
0.4 0.6 0.8
AQZ102
AQZ105
AQZ107
AQZ104
Voltage, V
Current, A
AQZ202
AQZ205
AQZ207
AQZ204
0
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
0.5
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
1.0 1.5 2.0
Voltage, V
Current, A
10-(1) Off state leakage current vs. load
voltage characteristics
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
10.-(2) Off state leakage current vs. load
voltage characteristics
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
11-(1) Turn on time vs. LED forward current
characteristics (DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
050 100
Load voltage, V
Off state leakage current, A
AQZ105, 205
AQZ102, 202
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
050 100
Load voltage, V
Off state leakage current, A
AQZ104, 204
AQZ107, 207
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
010 20 30 40 500
AQZ104
AQZ107
AQZ102 AQZ105
LED forward current, mA
Turn on time, ms
11.-(2) Turn on time vs. LED forward current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
12-(1) Turn off time vs. LED forward current
characteristics (DC type)
Measured portion: between terminals 4 and 6;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
12.-(2) Turn off time vs. LED forward current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Continuous load current: 100 mA (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
010 20 30 40 500
AQZ202
AQZ205
AQZ204
AQZ207
LED forward current, mA
Turn on time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
010 20 30 40 500
AQZ105
AQZ102
AQZ104
AQZ107
LED forward current, mA
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
010 20 30 40 500
AQZ205
AQZ202
AQZ207
AQZ204
LED forward current, mA
Turn off time, ms
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
6ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
13-(1) Turn on time vs. load voltage
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
13.-(2) Turn on time vs. load voltage
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
13.-(3) Turn on time vs. load voltage
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load voltage, V
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
AQZ102
AQZ105
Load voltage, V
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
AQZ104
AQZ107
Load voltage, V
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
AQZ202
AQZ205
13.-(4) Turn on time vs. load voltage
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
14-(1) Turn on time vs. load current
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
14.-(2) Turn on time vs. load current
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load voltage, V
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
050 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
AQZ204
AQZ207
Load current, A
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
AQZ105
AQZ102
Load current, A
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
AQZ104
AQZ107
14.-(3) Turn on time vs. load current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
14.-(4) Turn on time vs. load current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
15-(1) Turn off time vs. load voltage
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load current, A
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
00.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
AQZ202
AQZ205
Load current, A
Turn on time, ms
5
4
3
2
1
00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
AQZ207
AQZ204
Load voltage, V
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 102030405060708090100
AQZ105
AQZ102
15.-(2) Turn off time vs. load voltage
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
15.-(3) Turn off time vs. load voltage
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
15.-(4) Turn off time vs. load voltage
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Continuous load current: 100 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load voltage, V
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
AQZ104
AQZ107
Load voltage, V
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 102030405060708090100
AQZ202
AQZ205
Load voltage, V
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
AQZ207
AQZ204
Power 1 Form A (AQZ10, 20)
7
ds_x615_en_aqz10_20: 010611J
ACCESSORY (mm inch)
16-(1) Turn off time vs. load current
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
16.-(2) Turn off time vs. load current
characteristics (DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
16.-(3) Turn off time vs. load current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load current, A
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
AQZ105
AQZ102
Load current, A
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
AQZ104
AQZ107
Load current, A
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
AQZ202
AQZ205
16.-(4) Turn off time vs. load current
characteristics (AC/DC type)
LED current: 10 mA;
Load voltage: 10 V (DC);
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
17.Maximum operating frequency vs. load
voltage/current characteristics
LED current: 10 mA;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
18-(1) Output capacitance vs. applied voltage
characteristics (DC type)
Frequency: 1 MHz;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
Load current, A
Turn off time, ms
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
00 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
AQZ207
AQZ204
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
00 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Duty factor = 50%
Load voltage, V× load current, A
Maximum operating frequency, time/s
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
00 20 40 60 80 100
AQZ102
AQZ105
AQZ104
AQZ107
Applied voltage, V
Output capacitance, pF
18.-(2) Output capacitance vs. applied voltage
characteristics (AC/DC type)
Frequency: 1 MHz;
Ambient temperature: 25C 77F
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
00 20 40 60 80 100
AQZ202
AQZ205AQZ207AQZ204
Applied voltage, V
Output capacitance, pF
Socket
PA1a-PS
5.08
3.81
6.35
4
5+0.2
90.6
5.30.6
2.54
0.5 0.8
12 345 6
22.60.6
(0.3) 0.25
1.23
-0.6
-.024
.197.008
.890.024
.010
.048
.354.024
.209.024
.200
.150
.250
.157
.100
.020 .031 (.012)
PA1a-PS-H
5.08
3.81
6.35
1.3
0.15
3.9
1
0.25
1.23
0.8
0.5
2.54
9
0.6
(0.3)
5
+0.2
12 345 6
22.6
0.6
Ð0.6
Ð.024
5.3
0.6
.890
.024
.197
.008
.051
.006
.354
.024
.209
.024
.039
.010
.048 .200
.150
.250
.154 .031
.020
.100
(.012)
PC board pattern
(BOTTOM VIEW)
Standard type
Self clinching type
Tolerance: 0.1 .004
2.54
2-1 dia. 2-1.2 dia.
5.08
10.16
.100
.200
.400
2-.039 dia. 2-.047 dia.
2.54
2-0.80.25 dia. 2-1.20.05 dia.
5.08
10.16
.100
.200
.400
2-.031002 dia. 2-.047002 dia.
