Quartz crystals - General Introduction - Philips Semiconductors / NXP Semiconductors

1996 Oct 02 1

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

INTRODUCTION

For practical reasons, technical

information on piezoelectric quartz

devices is divided into two handbooks

which have the following titles:

PA10 - Quartz crystals

PA11 - Quartz oscillators.

A quartz crystal consists of a quartz

crystal element with electrodes,

mounted in a hermetically sealed

holder with connecting pins or leads.

Quartz crystals are normally used in

oscillator and filter circuits.

The quartz crystal element is a

vibrating resonant plate which relies

upon the piezoelectric effect to couple

it to electrical circuits. Crystal

elements are normally cut in the form

of plates. The dimensions of these

elements and their orientation with

respect to the axes of the crystal give

the characteristic of the element. The

dimensions are such that the

mechanical resonance frequency

equals the desired electrical

frequency. There are a large number

of crystal cuts but the most

advantageous orientation is the

so-called AT-cut. The frequency

range that can be covered is from 1 to

250 MHz. The crystal element may

vibrate in the fundamental vibration

mode or in the third, fifth or higher

overtone. Special cuts for

temperature sensors used in digital

temperature measurement

equipment, are also available.

Fig.1 Section of a quartz crystal unit (metal holder: HC-49/U).

CCA360

filled with dry

nitrogen gas

piezoelectric

quartz plate (blank)

electrode

conducting cement

mounting structure

base

hermetical 

glass-to-metal

seal

connection leads

hermetical seal

(resistance welded)

can

Fig.2 Section of a quartz crystal unit (glass holder: HC-26/U).

CCA355

transparant 

glass bulb,

vacuum sealed

piezoelectric

quartz plate 

(blank)

electrode

all glass base

mounting 

structure

connection lead

The intrinsic properties of quartz

make it a unique device for accurate

and stable frequency control and

selection. As the properties of quartz

(temperature coefficient, ageing, high

Q factor) are very stable, the ultimate

performance of the element is largely

dependent on the environment and

the associated electrical circuits. The

design of an oscillator requires high

technical skill to give the maximum

possible efficiency out of the

connection between the crystal and

the circuit. A range of oscillator

circuits have been designed for all

kinds of applications with an optimum

pack of specifications. It is advised

that any particular application should

be discussed with the crystal

manufacturer at the earliest possible

stage of the design.

1996 Oct 02 2

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN

ACCORDANCE WITH IEC 122-1

Resonance frequency (fr)

The lower of the two frequencies of

the quartz crystal alone, under

specified conditions, at which the

electrical impedance of the quartz

crystal is resistive.

Anti-resonance frequency (fa)

The higher of the two frequencies of

the quartz crystal alone, under

specified conditions, at which the

electrical impedance of the quartz

crystal is resistive.

Load resonance frequency (fL)

One of the two frequencies of a quartz

crystal in association with a series or

parallel load capacitance, under

specified conditions, at which the

electrical impedance of the

combination is resistive. This

frequency is the lower of the two

frequencies when the load

capacitance is in series and the

higher when it is in parallel

(see Fig.4). For a given value of load

capacitance (CL), these frequencies

are identical for all practical purposes

and given by:

Nominal frequency (fnom)

The frequency assigned by the

specification of the quartz crystal.

Working frequency (fw)

The operational frequency of the

quartz crystal together with its

associated circuits.

Overall tolerance

The maximum permissible deviation

of the working frequency from

--- 2πL1C1C0CL

+()

-----------------------------------------=

nominal frequency due to a specific

cause or a combination of causes.

Adjustment tolerance (∆f/f nom)

The permissible deviation from the

nominal frequency at the reference

temperature under specified

conditions.

Ageing tolerance

The permissible deviation (of the

working frequency) from its initial

value, observed with the passage of

time under specified conditions.

Tolerance over the temperature

range

The permissible deviation over the

temperature range with respect to the

frequency at the specified reference

temperature.

Operating temperature

range (Toper)

The range of temperatures as

measured on the holder over which

the quartz crystal must function within

the specified tolerances.

Operable temperature

range (Top)

The range of temperatures as

measured on the holder over which

the quartz crystal must function within

though not necessarily within the

specified tolerances.

Reference temperature (Tref)

The temperature at which certain

crystal measurements are made. For

controlled temperature crystals, the

reference temperature is the

mid-point of the controlled

temperature range, for example

+70 °C. For non-temperature

controlled crystals, the reference

temperature is normally 25 ±2°C.

Resonance resistance (Rr)

The resistance of the quartz crystal

alone at the resonance frequency (fr).

Load resonance resistance (RL)

The resistance of the quartz crystal in

series with a stated external

capacitance at the load resonance

frequency (fL).

Note: The value of RL is related to the

value of Rr by the following

expression:

Drive level dependent resonance

resistance (Rdld)

Maximum resonance resistance

value in a specified range of drive

level, over 10−16 Wto10

−4W.

Level of drive

A value of the amplitude of motion

imposed upon the quartz crystal

expressed in terms of dissipated

power.

Note: In special cases, the level of

drive may be specified in terms of

crystal current or voltage.

Unwanted response (Rn)

A state of resonance of a crystal

vibrator other than that associated

with the working frequency,

expressed in the ratio Rn/Rr or in dB

(being 20log Rn/Rr).

RLRr1C0

------- 



2







1996 Oct 02 3

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Load capacitance (CL)

The effective external capacitance

associated with the quartz crystal

which determines the load resonance

frequency (fL).

Motional capacitance (C1)

The capacitance of the motional

(series) arm of the equivalent circuit.

Shunt capacitance (C0)

The capacitance in parallel with the

motional arm of the equivalent circuit.

Motional inductance (L1)

The induction of the motional (series)

arm of the equivalent circuit.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND

BEHAVIOUR

Quartz crystal equivalent circuit

The equivalent circuit, which has the

same impedance as the quartz crystal

in the immediate neighbourhood of

resonance, is usually represented by

an inductance, capacitance and

resistance in series, this series

branch being shunted by the

capacitance between the terminals of

the unit. The parameters of the series

branch are usually given by L1, C1

and R1. The parallel capacitance is

given by C0 (see Fig.3).

Fig.3 Quartz crystal

equivalent circuit.

handbook, 2 columns

CCA352

symbol

The parameters of the series branch

are termed the ‘motional parameters’

of the quartz crystal.

The parameter C0 is termed the

‘parallel capacitance’.

The equivalent circuit has two

resonance frequencies at which the

electrical impedance is resistive: the

‘resonance frequency’ (fr) and the

‘anti-resonance frequency’ (fa).

The resistance of the equivalent

circuit at the resonance frequency (fr)

is termed the ‘resonance resistance’

(Rr).

For

the following relationships hold:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Load capacitance and frequency

pulling

During manufacture, definable limits

are set to the accuracy of frequency.

In an oscillator, a load capacitance

(CL) is required to trim the working

frequency (fw) to the nominal

frequency (fnom). Figure 4 shows the

quartz crystal equivalent circuit with a

load capacitance in series and

parallel. Each combination has two

resonance frequencies at which the

electrical impedance of the circuit is

resistive. The lower of the two

frequencies when the load resistance

is connected in series and the higher

with the load connected in parallel,

are termed ‘load resonance

frequencies’ (fL). At these frequencies

the resistance of the combination with

the load capacitance in series is

termed ‘load resonance resistance’

(RL).

R11

ωC0

-----------

fr1

2πL1C1

-------------------------

fa1

2πL1C1C0

C1C0

--------------------

---------------------------------------

RrR1

For

(4)

(5)

For a given value of CL the load

resonance frequencies of the series

and parallel combination are

identical. In practice, however, the

parallel combination shown in

Fig.4 (c) rarely occurs in an oscillator.

From equation (4) another two

parameters of vital concern can be

derived: the difference (∆fL) between

load resonance frequency (fL) and

resonance frequency (fr), termed

‘load resonance frequency offset’: (6)

respectively the ‘fractional load

resonance offset’:

(7)

and the sensitivity of load resonance

frequency with respect to load

capacitance variations, termed

‘pulling sensitivity’:

(8)

R11

ωC0

-----------

fL1

2πL1C1C0CL

+()

----------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

RLRr1C0

------- 



2







∆fLfLfr

–=

DLfLfr

–

------------- C1

+()

-------------------------------

---- ∆fL

∆CL

-----------

×1

--- ∆fL

∆CL

-----------

∆DL

∆CL

--------------- C1

+()

---------------------------------

1996 Oct 02 4

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.4 Resonance, anti-resonance and load resonance frequency.

handbook, 4 columns

MSA589

(a) 0

C0frfa

(b) 0

fLfa

frfL

reactance

resistance

Standard values of load

capacitance

The standard values of load

capacitance for quartz crystals

operating at the fundamental

frequency of the mode are:

15 pF, 20 pF, 30 pF and 50 pF.

Load capacitances of the values 8 pF,

10 pF, 12 pF and 18 pF may also be

used for fundamental mode quartz

crystals.

Note: In some countries 32 pF is still

in use, but this value should not be

considered a standard value and its

use is not recommended.

In special cases, load capacitance

values of 5 pF upwards are available

in a narrow distribution.

Overtone quartz crystals are often

operated at series resonance. Where

a load capacitance is used, it should

be chosen from the above mentioned

values.

Pulling Sensitivity (S)

The pulling sensitivity expressed in

ppm/pF is a good measure for the

frequency sensitivity as a function of

load capacitance variations at the

working frequency. Figure 5

illustrates the load capacitance, for

two quartz crystals having different C1

and C0 values it should be noted that

a tolerance of 0.5 pF on a 20 pF load

capacitance may lead to an error of

±11 ppm. For low values of CL the

pulling sensitivity is increased, which

means that the frequency is more

strongly dependent on the external

parameters of the oscillating circuit.

1996 Oct 02 5

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Table 1 Quartz crystal parameters (see Fig.5)

Note

1. Tolerances on the parameters fr, C0 and C1 are required for calculating the ‘∆f’ and the ‘pullability at fnom’.

QUARTZ CRYSTAL a QUARTZ CRYSTAL b

fr = 9 994.400 kHz(1) fr = 9 998.727 kHz(1)

C0 = 5.0 pF(1) C0 = 2.0 pF(1)

C1 = 28 pF(1) C1 = 5.6 fF(1)

CL = 20 pF CL= 20 pF

fL = 10000.000 kHz fL = 10000.000 kHz

S = −22.4 ppm/pF S = −5.79 ppm/pF

Fig.5 Change in frequency (∆fL) and pulling sensitivity (S) as a function of the load capacitance.

handbook, full pagewidth

MSA591 - 1

0 1020304050

C (pF)

∆f

(kHz)

0 1020304050

C (pF)

0 1020304050

C (pF)

0 1020304050

C (pF)

(10 /pF)

crystal a crystal b

L∆f

(kHz)

1996 Oct 02 6

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.6 Nomogram enabling the determination of pulling sensitivity (S).

CCA385

0.1

0.2

0.5

100

(fF)

100

200

500

1000

0.01

0.2

0.5

0.02

0.05

C0L

(pF)

(ppm)

1996 Oct 02 7

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.7 Examples of frequency-temperature characteristics of AT-cuts as a function of the cutting angle.

handbook, full pagewidth

80 60 40 20 02040 60 80 100 120

T °C)

CCA386

(ppm)

16'

14'

12'

10'

4' 16'

14'

12'

10'

∆ f

1996 Oct 02 8

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Level of drive

The power dissipated in a quartz

crystal is termed ‘level of drive’ and is

usually expressed in mW. In the level

of drive range 10−12 to 10−4W the

drive level dependency of the crystal

characteristics is almost negligible.

For drive levels greater than

approximately 0.1 mW, the crystal

characteristics tend to change. For

this reason the crystal characteristics

are specified at drive levels of

0.05 mW to 0.5 mW depending on the

crystal type.

Low drive levels

When a quartz crystal oscillator is

switched on, there will initially be

some noise in the circuit. The noise

power, which depends on the circuit

design and on the components used,

will be in the region of 10−16 W. From

this level, the oscillatory power builds

up in the quartz crystal, passing

through a power range of

approximately 12 decades to its

maximum value. At the extremely low

power levels that occur during build

up of oscillation, the resonance

resistance (Rr) may increase slightly.

The quartz crystal oscillator should,

therefore, have sufficient loop gain to

avoid start-up problems. Typically, a

negative resistance of three times the

specified Rr(max) value is sufficient.

High drive levels

For applications requiring high

stability, a drive level between 5 µW

and 100 µW should be used. Drive

levels exceeding 0.5 µW should be

avoided, and excessively high drive

levels (exceeding 5 mW) may

seriously affect the quartz crystal's

behaviour (see Fig. 9).

Frequency/temperature

characteristics

The frequency drift as a function of

temperature can be represented by a

graph showing the temperature

coefficient (TC) curve or drift

characteristic. In the case of AT cuts,

the relation of drift and temperature is

approximated by a cubic curve; the

drift characteristic of most other cuts

is parabolic.

Figure 7 shows a number of

frequency-temperature curves

obtained from AT-cut crystals with

various angles of cut (α from −4' to

+16' increasing angle of cut). The

curves are symmetrical with respect

to approximately +27 °C.

A temperature range which is fairly

symmetrical with respect to 27 °C

(e.g. 0 to 60 °C) will, therefore, result

in the smallest frequency drift in that

range. A small frequency drift over a

wide temperature range, e.g. −40 to

+80 °C, will result in a fairly steep

temperature coefficient at room

temperature.

Advantages of all-glass holders

Quartz crystals with all-glass holders

show the following advantages over

those with metal holders:

1. A lower ageing rate.

2. A lower series resistance, which

also means a higher Q-factor,

due to the fact that glass holders

are evacuated giving less

mechanical damping.

3. Better performance under

adverse climatic conditions.

4. Smaller adjusting tolerances.

Ageing

A gradual change in resonance

frequency with time is called (an

effect of) ageing. Only where very

good long-term stability is required

should ageing be of consequence.

It should be borne in mind that (with a

view to ageing only):

1. Quartz crystals with an all-glass

holder have a lower ageing rate

than metal sealed crystals.

2. Low frequency crystals are

preferred to high frequency

crystals.

3. Overtone crystals are preferred to

fundamental crystals for the same

frequency.

Crystal behaviour in an oscillator

In the vicinity of resonance, the

impedance of a quartz crystal can be

represented by a circle (see Fig.8).

The circle is shifted downwards with

respect to the resistance axis over:

(9)

When a load capacitance is

connected in series with the quartz

crystal the shift is X0 + XL, where

(10)

The difference between

anti-resonance frequency and

resonance frequency

(11)

is assumed to be 100%.

It can be seen that the difference

between the two frequencies,

determined by the phase angle ϕ,

disappears at fw = 50%. The phase

angle in the oscillator should be kept

sufficiently small to avoid quartz

crystal operation in the uncertain area

above 50% (frequency switching).

X01

2πfrC0

------------------

XL1

2πfLCL

-------------------

fafr

–C1

2C0

---------- fr

×CL

C0CL

--------------------

×≈

1996 Oct 02 9

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

handbook, 4 columns

MSA590

X0XL

reactance

resistance

100 %

95 %

90 %

85 %

80 %

70 %

0fr

fsfa

10 %

60 %

40 %

Fig.8 Working frequency and impedance of a quartz

crystal in the impedance diagram.

Enlarged area around the zero point.

fa = anti-resonance frequency

fr = resonance frequency

fs = series resonance frequency

fw = working frequency

Zr = impedance at working frequency.

Fig.9 Quartz crystal drive level.

handbook, 4 columns

CCA387

∆ f

10 310 210 111010

drive level (mW)

(ppm)

Quartz crystals for frequencies higher

than 100 to 125 MHz (depending on

type) have an impedance circle with a

greater downwards shift, even to

below the real axis. When the figure

of merit given by

(12)

is less than approximately 5, the

resonance frequency (fr) is arbitrary.

Indications for use

Keep phase deviations in the circuit

sufficiently low to avoid quartz crystal

operation in the 50% working

frequency area, in particular when

phase variation is used for frequency

pulling (PLL system).

Ensure that the amplification is

sufficiently high, particularly when

applying phase variation.

Keep quartz crystal drive level low

(generally ≤0.5 mW; preferably

≤0.1 mW), (see Fig.9).

MX0

------- 1

2πfr

()R

--------------------------------

1996 Oct 02 10

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

MEASURING PROCEDURES

Several methods of measuring quartz

crystals are in use. Because different

methods may give various results,

refer to the test block diagram of

Fig.10.

This is the passive method with

π-network in accordance with

IEC publication 444. The accuracy of

reproduction of theπ-network method

ranges between 10−6 and 10−8 for

frequency measurements, depending

on the type of quartz crystal to be

measured.

Passive method with π-network

(IEC 444)

The principle of this method is very

simple. With the equipment shown in

Fig.10, a stable signal source

(frequency synthesizer) is adjusted to

the frequency at which the signal has

zero phase change when passing

through the crystal, as measured by

the phase meter; this frequency

(measured with the frequency

counter) is then the resonance

frequency of the crystal.

For ease of operation, it is possible to

phase-lock the system by feeding

back the analogue output of the

phase error (from zero) to control the

precise frequency of the signal source

(AFC loop shown by dashed line).

Measuring methods can also be

applied by using the following

equipment if it is available:

SAUNDERS Test Set,

type 150 (A, B, C).

Crystal Test Set, type TS193A

(British Military Standard).

Crystal Impedance Meter

TS330/TSM (U.S. Army Standard).

Crystal Impedance Meter

TS683/TSM (U.S. Army Standard).

Fig.10 Test equipment block diagram.

FREQUENCY

COUNTER

MBA927

PHASE &

VOLTAGE

METER

π- NETWORK

VAVB

SIGNAL

SOURCE

(SYNTHESIZER)

frequency

modulation

input

A.F.C.

AMPLIFIER

analogue

output

Aπ-network test jig is used to connect

the quartz crystal to the measuring

equipment (see Fig.11). This test jig

consists of two π-connected resistive

pads, carefully manufactured to

represent a pure, constant

resistance, which is frequency

insensitive at the terminals of the

quartz crystal.

Fig.11 Test jig.

MSA586

R2R1

R1R2

The function of the input and output

‘pads’ is twofold:

1. To match the crystal impedance

to the associated equipment.

2. To attenuate reflections from the

associated equipment.

For further information consult IEC

recommendations, Publication 444.

Crystal shielding

Depending on the application, crystal

shielding may give rise to frequency

deviations, in particular for

fundamental mode quartz crystals

with a considerable pulling sensitivity.

In our procedure the metal enclosure

of the quartz crystal is normally not

earthed. If, in special cases, earthing

is required this should be mentioned

in the specification for ordering.

1996 Oct 02 11

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

MOUNTING

Quartz crystals provided with pins

(such as HC-6/U, HC-27/U, HC-29/U

and HC-50/U) are for mounting in

sockets.

Quartz crystals with leads are for

mounting on printed-circuit boards.

There are basically two methods:

horizontal and vertical mounting.

Horizontal (flat) mounting gives better

mechanical stability whilst vertical

mounting uses less printed-circuit

board space. To prevent permanent

damage of quartz crystals during

mounting operations, some

precautions have to be taken:

•Glass feed-throughs are rather

vulnerable so avoid excessive

forces on the leads which can

cause breakage. If cutting of the

leads is necessary, use suitable

tools to prevent shock waves in the

leads.

•If bending of the leads is necessary

e.g. in the event of flat mounting,

make the bend at least 2 mm away

from the body with a bending radius

>0.5 mm.

•Note that, especially when the

component is vertically mounted,

the first mm of tinned leads away

from the body are not guaranteed

for use. When mounting on thin

printed-circuit boards (e.g.

0.7 mm), the use of spacers is

recommended.

Specially designed for surface

mounting, there are two constructions

in HC-45/U-SMD and HC-49/U-SMD.

All crystal types are designed such

that they withstand all commonly

used soldering techniques, see

Chapter

“Tests and requirements”

the individual data sheets. Exposing

the crystal units to high temperatures

for a prolonged time, however, should

be avoided.

For utmost mechanical stability and

electrical reproducibility, metal types

can be supplied with a third (top) lead

which serves both as a ground wire

and a three-point attachment to the

printed circuit board.

QUARTZ CRYSTAL UNITS AS

DIGITAL TEMPERATURE

SENSORS

The most well known applications of

quartz crystal units are those where

the crystal is used in oscillator and

filter circuits, as a frequency-selective

element with an extremely high

Q-factor. By correct choice of the

cutting angle of the vibrating plate, it

is possible to obtain a very low TC

over a limited temperature range.

Examples of such crystal cuts are:

AT, BT, CT and GT cuts.

In addition, it is also possible to cut

crystal plates so that the resonance

frequency is an almost linear function

of the temperature. It should be

noted, that the first quartz crystal cut

to be discovered was in fact a ‘Y- cut’.

However, there are some

disadvantages which make this cut

unsuitable for temperature sensing,

therefore special cuts have been

introduced, depending on the

application.

How to use a quartz crystal unit as

a temperature sensor

In order to measure temperatures

with a quartz crystal sensor, the

device should be connected to an

oscillator circuit which usually

consists of one or two transistors or

an integrated circuit. The oscillator

will produce an output signal whose

frequency will change by

−40 to +80 x 10−6/K, depending on

the cutting angle. There are several

ways of processing this signal. Due to

excellent stability, low ageing and its

'digital' nature, resolutions of 0.001 K

are easily achieved without noise

problems. This renders the device

especially suitable for measurements

of very small temperature differences

as in distillation columns and flow

meters.

1996 Oct 02 12

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.12 Frequency change as a function of temperature.

handbook, full pagewidth

160

2000

400060 140

MBD642

1000

800

1000

2000

3000

120100604040 2020

∆ f

T ( C)

(ppm)

AT-cut

Temperature sensor

Fig.13 Typical temperature sensing circuit with two sensors.

handbook, full pagewidth

MLB743

temperature

sensor 1

temperature

sensor 2

OSCILLATOR

DISPLAYCOUNTERMIXER

1996 Oct 02 13

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.14 Typical temperature sensing circuit with one sensor and one reference crystal.

handbook, full pagewidth

MSA585

temperature

sensor

AT-cut ref.

crystal

OSCILLATOR

DIFF.

COUNTER DISPLAY

Fig.15 Typical temperature sensing circuit with one sensor and one microprocessor.

handbook, full pagewidth

MLB744

temperature

sensor OSCILLATOR

2MICRO

PROCESSOR

COUNTER output

1996 Oct 02 14

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

Fig.16 Miniature wireless temperature sensing circuit.

handbook, full pagewidth

temperature

sensor

MLB745

Fig.17 Crystal oscillator in a clock integrated circuit.

handbook, full pagewidth

MLB746

CLOCK IC

VDD

1 s pulse

1996 Oct 02 15

Philips Components

Quartz crystals General Introduction

HOW TO SPECIFY A QUARTZ CRYSTAL UNIT

General product information

Nominal frequency fnom ................................................ kHz

Enclosure type style

12NC group 9922 ... ..... series

Customer ...................................................................................................................................

Application ...................................................................................................................................

Related IC-type ...................................................................................................................................

Date ...........................................

Electrical characteristics

Resonance frequency fr/fI ................................................... kHz

Mode of vibration fundamental; 3rd; 5th and 7th overtones

Level of drive P ..................................................... µW (100 µW)

Reference temperature Tref .................................................. C (+25 °C)

Load capacitance CL ................................................... pF/series resonance

Adjustment tolerance (at Tref)∆F±................................................ ppm

Resonance resistance Rr (max) ............................................ Ω

Motional capacitance C1 ................................................... fF ±.......%

Motional inductance L1 .................................................... mH ±.......%

Parallel capacitance C0 ................................................... pF ±.......%

Ageing requirement ∆F± ................................................ ppm per year

Spurious requirement ........................................................

DLD requirement Rr dld ............................................... Ω

Operating temperature range T .............................. to ............... °C

Frequency stability ±...................................................... ppm

Frequency stability in .................................. ±................ ppm

Storage temperature range T .............................. to ............... °C

Mechanical characteristics

Connecting leads standard / cut to .............................. mm

Marking [ ] ﬁrst line

[ ] second line

[ ] third line

[ ] optional line

Packaging method bulk/tape-reel/ammopack/blister tape

................................................ ..................................................................

Special requirements

.......................................... ............................................................................................................................

Remarks